naaluma yoga & varma, muthra - part- 4 - anatomic therapy 2/5

naaluma yoga & varma, muthra - part- 4 -anatomic therapy 5/5

naaluma yoga & varma, muthra - part- 4 -anatomic therapy 1/5

naaluma yoga & varma, muthra - part- 4 - anatomic therapy 4/5

naaluma yoga & varma, muthra - part- 4 - anatomic therapy 3/5

naaluma yoga & varma, muthra - part- 4 - anatomic therapy 4/5

Healer Baskar - Nalluma Yoga 4

Healer Baskar - Nalluma Yoga 3

Healer Baskar - Nalluma Yoga 2

Healer Baskar - Nalluma Yoga 1

Rangaratina Ragasiyam Healer Baskar ( Peace O Master )

How to heal yourself with your mind, with your thoughts, with your energy

Breathing Exercise - Healer's Baskar(Anatomic Therapy Foundation)

Healer Baskar - THYROID

Ways to be healthy - Follow the below

Seeds for sale

http://annadana-seed.weebly.com/contact-us.html

How to improve / sustain the Soil

How to improve / sustain the Soil

Continuing with where we left in the last blog, we will discuss more ways to improve as well as sustain the soil.

As a rule of thumb, please remember "The Soil need not be exposed to direct sunlight and the sunlight is required only for the plants and that too by the leaves of the plants"

Don't expose the soil to direct sunlight

1. Most of the land is occupied by Trees, Crops etc and only the minimal area is not occupied by any crop.  In this situation, we can go for Live (or) Green Mulch, Dead Mulch.
2. In case of traditional crops like Paddy, Sugarcane etc, the unwanted roots or branches should not be burnt and left as is to decompose in the very soil.
3. Live Mulch can be even weeds as well as any legume crops or grasses as well.
4. Dead Mulch can be plantains, dead leaves, twigs, broken branches etc.  The Dead Mulch need to be spread in those areas where the soil is exposed to the sunlight and this will reduce the soil getting hot and also will reduce the evaporation in the process.

The Soil can be improved further if we allow the earthworms to live there.  The earthworms cannot tolerate direct sunlight and hence will not be coming to the top of the soil if there is direct sunlight.  As we all know, the more the earthworms, it is better for the soil as well as for the farmer.  The earthworms improve the air passage, water seepage and provide nutrients to the roots of the crops.

We can also improve the soil by making the dead mulch decompose faster by sprinkling (cow dung + cow urine) mixture whenever there is heavy dead mulch available.

Traditionally, the goats / sheeps are allowed to stay overnight in the land so that the excreta that falls from them will improve the soil and this method is employed even today.

Soil carried by Wind

1. We need to implement Wind Breakers to control this and this has to be done in a V shape model.
2. The plants selected should have many branches and it should be thick (like Glyricidia) and should not have only one stem like coconut.
3. During the summer, we can go for short term crops to ensure that the top soil is covered and hence cannot be carried by wind.

Soil carried by Water

1. Water should not flow very fast and this is also one of the reasons for losing the top soil and the nutrients along with it.
2. Where water flows very fast, it should be made to walk. Create trenches along the gradient of the slope or every 25 or 50 feet to ensure that the speed of the water is reduced considerably.
3. Where water walks, it should be made to crawl.  If the land is occupied by grasses or other crops, it will make the water slow down to a considerable extent.
4. Where water crawls, it should be made to stop.  This can be a storage pit or tank or pond.

Compactness or Hardness

1. The Compactness or Hardness of the soil is done by humans by walking, heavy cattle grazing, heavy machinery, long term non-usage of the land etc.
2. Heavy machinery should never be used when the land is very wet. By Heavy Machinery, I mean tractors, harvesting machines etc.

The above are some of the ways we can sustain or improve the soil.

How to improve the Soil

How to improve the Soil

As we all know, the Soil is the base for any agricultural activity.  In this blog, we will discuss ways and means to improve the soil.

The details given below are for both "unused barren land" and "land in use" as well as for land which needs to be moved from chemical farming to organic farming.


Land Improvement - Method 1

The following 5 types of Seeds are required and their quantities are mentioned as well for 1 Acre.  Overall, you require 4+4+4+4.25+1.75 = 22 Kgs of seeds per acre.

1.  Pasunthaal (Green Manure Seeds) - 4 Kgs
1. Sanappu (Sunhemp) - 1Kg
2. Thakkaipoondu (Daincha) - 1 Kg
3. Avuri (Indigo) - 1 Kg
4. Sesbania (Sesbania) - 1 Kg
2. Siruthaaniam (Millet Seeds) - 4 Kgs
1. Cholam (Cholam) - 1 Kg
2. Cumbu (Spiked Millet) - 1 Kg
3. Kelvaragu (Ragi) - 1 Kg
4. Samai (Samai) - 1 Kg
3. Payaru (Cereal Seeds) - 4 Kgs
1. Ulundu (Blackgram) - 1 Kg
2. Pacchapayaru (Greengram) - 1 Kg
3. Karamani (Cowpea) - 1 Kg
4. Thuvarai (Redgram) - 1 Kg
4. Ennai (Oil Seeds) - 4.25 Kgs
1. Verkkadalai (Groundnut) - 2 Kg
2. Ell (Gingely) - 0.25 Kg
3. Amanakku (Castor) - 1 Kg
4. Soya Mochai (Soya Beans) - 1 Kg
5. Vaasanai (Perfume Seeds) - 1.75 Kgs
1. Thaniya (Coriander) - 1 Kg
2. Kadukku (Mustard) - 0.25 Kg
3. Venthayam (Fenugreek) - 0.25 Kg
4. Sombhu (Jeera) - 0.25 Kg

1. The land has to be tilled for 1 or 2 times before the seeds are broadcasted.
2. The above 20 seeds mentioned need to be mixed thoroughly and broadcasted by hand.
3. Just before flowering of the crops(in 3 months time), the crops need to be dealt in two different ways.
4. If the land is slushy, the entire crops need to be tilled again so that the crops as well as the soil are mixed throughly and allowed to decompose.
5. If the land is not slusy, the entire crops need to be cut at the base and allowed to decompose in the soil.
6. Mostly these needs to be done before the main crop is grown or if you are not growing any main crop and just for soil improvement, it is better to do this during the rainy season.

Land Improvement - Method 2

1. Normally, most of the villages will have temples / mosques  and along with them they will have ponds, tanks etc which stores water and which is used for the temple as well as for the common use.  Even if there are not any temples around, definitely there will be ponds, tanks or other sources of water storage.  This is an excellent source of nutrient rich soil as most of the water that arrives in this place carry with them the top soil from many places and depoit them here.
2. With the permission from the temple or local body, collected not more than 15-30 cms of top soil from the pond, tank etc.  By doing this, you will allow the water storage structure to retain more water.
3. Spread the top soil collected from the ponds, tanks etc in your farm to improve your soil.
4. The top soil need to be taken out only after sufficient amount of top soil has been collected in the ponds, tanks etc.

Farm Design - An Overview

Farm Design - An Overview

In this blog, we will try to understand the basic requirements of the Farm Design and how to approach the detailed design using the basic requirements.

Keeping it very simple, we need to understand the basic requirements of the Farm in the first place and jot them down.  Please note that it is not required that each and every basic requirements needs to be made available immediately.  What we are trying to achieve is to provide the spacing in terms of land parcel and the placing of the requirement in the right place in the farm keeping in mind our overall design.

Please note that all the requirements mentioned below may or may not be required for each and every farm except for the Crops.

1. Crops
2. Fences
3. Roads
4. LiveStock
5. Living Quarters

Once we have decided on the basic requirements, we can create a detailed design using the basic information as the basis.

The following detailed questionnaire will help us to finetune the detailed design.

1. What type of Fencing is required for our farm?
2. How much space needs to be allocated for Fencing?
3. What model are we going to follow in creating the Fences?
4. What type of crops will be grown? (Short Term, Medium Term, Long Term)
5. How many crops will be grown?
6. Where the Crops will be placed in the farm?
7. Whether the Crops spacing will follow Generic Spacing or Specific Spacing?
8. Whether the Crops will be planted Mono Planting or Poly Planting?
9. How many Roads are required?
10. Where the Roads will be constructed?
11. How much space for Roads need to be allocated?
12. Are we planning to have LiveStock?  If Yes, how much space needs to be allocated to them? (Cattle, Poultry etc)
13. Where the LiveStock shed need to be constructed in the farm?
14. Are we planning to have Ponds? If Yes, how much space needs to be allocated to them?
15. Where the Pond needs to be constructed in the farm?
16. Are we planning to have Living Quarters? If Yes, how much space needs to be allocated to them? (Owner Quarters, Labour Quarters, Storage & Drying Quarters, Eco Tourism Quarters etc)
17. Where the Living Quarters shed need to be constructed in the farm?

Manures - Amudha Karaisal

Manures - Amudha Karaisal

In this blog, we are going to see Amudha Karaisal.  This is known as Amruthpani in Hindi.


Required Ingredients

S.No.	Ingredient Name	Qty in Litres/Kgs
1	Fresh Cow Dung	1 Kg
2	Cow's Urine	1 Litres
3	Jaggery	25 Grams
4	Water	10 Litres
5	Ipomoea Cornea	1 Kg

Note:

• Ipomoea Cornea is known as Neiveli Kattamanakku in Tamil and is an Optional Ingredient.

Method of Preparation

1. Mix all of them and stir well (3 times a day).
2. The manure should be kept in the shade and covered with a wire mesh or plastic mosquito net to prevent houseflies from laying eggs and the formation of maggots (worms) in the solution.

Method of Storage

1. Not Applicable as the manure can be used after 24 hours itself.

How long can we store the Manure?

1. Not Applicable as the manure can be used after 24 hours itself.

How to use the Manure?

1. Spray System - The manure can be applied as a foliar spray.
2. Flow System - The solution of manure can be mixed with irrigation water, either through drip irrigation or flow irrigation.

Note: Dilute 1 Litre of the manure with 10 Litres of Water before applying.

When to use the Manure?

1. Generally, it is accepted that every 15 days the manure can be applied.

Fish Farming - An Introduction to Polyculture in Carp Varieties of Fishes

Fish Farming - An Introduction to Polyculture in Carp Varieties of Fishes

In this blog, we will be the seeing the basics of Fish Farming related to the Carp Varieties.

The entire blog will be presented in a Question & Answer format.  While it will be beneficial for the first time user to read the entire blog, the frequent users of this blog can just focus on their specific needs.

The following assumptions have been made and hence those will not be discussed here:-

• The soil has been tested for water holding capability
• The pH has been stabilised between 7.5 and 8.5 range
• The pond have been excavated
• The water is available throughout the year or at least for 6 months period

1. What is the minimum area required for fish farming?
• Even a Cent (435.6 Sq Ft) can be utilized for fish farming.  But, the more the better, as fishes tend grow well in large areas
2. What should be the shape of the pond?
• Even though any shape is okay, a rectangular shape is preferred for easy harvesting
3. What should be the direction of the pond?
• Other than Square or Round ponds, all the ponds should be in the East-to-West direction
• The basic requirement is that there should not be any shadow falling in the pond, as the shadow will minimize or reduce the growth of the natural feed in the pond
• Reason 1: For the growth of natural feed in the pond, the sun rays are required to fall in the pond and hence the pond should be excavated as explained above
4. What is the optimal depth of the water in the pond?
• Min : 3 ft of water depth
• Max : 5 ft of water depth
• Reason 1 : The sun rays will fall into the water up to a certain depth only and the sun rays are required for producing natural feed
• Reason 2 : During harvest, it will be easy for people to get into the pond and catch the fishes
5. How many ponds need to be created for fish farming?
   
   • It is always suggested to have multiple ponds
   • Reason 1 : You can grow different varieties of fishes in different ponds
   • Reason 2 : You can grow fishes of the same variety in multiple ponds but with varying ages for marketing purposes
6. How many fishes can be grown in 1 Acre?
• 3000 fishes can be grown in 1 Acre
7. What is the optimal size of fingerlings?
   • 3 to 5 inches or 10-15 cms size is suggested for fingerlings
   • Reason 1: For reducing the mortality of the fishes, it is suggested to buy reasonable size of fingerlings
   • Reason 2: Choosing a bigger size fingerling will help us to get multiple season harvest (Two Crops in One Year)
   
   
8. What are the varieties of Carps that can be grown in the same pond?

Catla	Zooplankton feeder	Surface feeder
Rohu	Omnivorous	Column feeder
Mrigal	Detritivorous	Bottom feeder
Silver Carp	Phytoplankton feeder	Surface feeder
Grass Carp	Herbivorous	Surface, column & marginal areas
Common Carp	Detritivorous/Omnivorous	Bottom feeder



9. What is the suggested % of Carp varieties in the same pond?
• The following % of carp varieties should be kept as a guideline and can be changed based on the local requirements and needs

Species	3-species	4-species	6-species
Catla	4.0	3.0	1.5
Rohu	3.0	3.0	2.0
Mrigal	3.0	2.0	1.5
Silver Carp	-	-	1.5
Grass Carp	-	-	1.5
Common Carp	-	2.0	2.0








10. What is the need for growing polyculture fish instead of monoculture fish in the same pond? 
    • Instead of growing monoculture fish in a pond, it is suggested to grow polyculture fish for the reasons given below.
    • Reason 1: If we grow a single variety of fish, it will feed only on a specific variety of organism and also utilize only a portion of the pond.
    • Reason 2: If we grow multiple varieties of fishes, the different varieties of the carps feed on the different organisms which grow in different depth of the pond and hence utilization of the available infrastructure is maximized
11. What is the period of availability of fingerlings?
• The fingerlings are available during Jul-Jan period
12. What is the optimal time to stock the fingerlings?
• Nov or Oct is the best time to stock the fingerlings in the pond
13. What is the right time to release the fingerlings in the pond?
    
    • Should be done After sunrise or Before sunset
    • Early mornings or Late evenings is a better option
    • Reason 1: The temperature of the water should be (made) equivalent to the temperate in the plastic bag which contains the fingerlings
14. What is the initial manures that need to be put before introducing the fingerlings?
    
    • Initially, 1000 Kgs of Fresh Cow Dung or equivalent should be put in to enable natural feed to grow for 1 Acre.
15. What is the optimal time to introduce the fingerlings in the ponds?
• Before introducing the fingerlings in the pond, the pond should have enough feed for the fingerlings.  The best indication is a thin layer of light green floating in the surface of the water.  It takes 15 days (for the first time) to grow.
16. What are the different types of feed that can be given to the Carps?
• The following are some of the feeds that can be provided to the Carp fishes:-
• Fresh Cow Dung (3-5 Cows Required per Acre)
• Fresh Goat Manure
• Fresh Chicken Manure (70-100 Country Chickens Required per Acre)
• Fresh Pig Manure (12 Pigs Required per Acre)
• Fresh Duck Manure (100 Ducks Required per Acre)
• Compost
• Daily Cleaning Water of Shed (Dairy)
• Groundnut Cake
• Coconut Cake
• Rice Bran
• Wheat Husk
• Tender Banana Leaves
• Indian Coral Tree (Kalyana Murungai)
• Sesbania grandiflora (Agathi)
• Subabul
• Andrographis paniculata (Siriya Nangai)
• Holy Basil (Tulsi)
• Azolla
• Glyricidia
• Thespesia Populnea
• Leafy Vegetables (Grass Carp Only)
• CO4 (Grass Carp Only)
• Guinea Grass (Grass Carp Only)
• Velam Paasi (Grass Carp Only)
• Napier Grass (Grass Carp Only)
• Alfalfa (Kuthirai Masal) (Grass Carp Only)
17. When to feed?
• The feed should be provided to the fishes at the same time everyday
18. Where to feed?
• The feed should be provided to the fishes at the same place everyday
  
19. How much to feed?
• Usually, the following can be used as a general rule
• Number of Fishes X Weight of Fish in Gms/100 = Quantity of Feed in Gms
20. How many times to feed?
• It is preferred to feed daily once or at the most twice in a day
21. What time to feed?
• It is suggested to feed in the early mornings
22. What is the Avg weight of fishes in 1 Yr period?
     

    Catla	1-1.5 Kgs
    Rohu	1 Kg
    Mrigal	1 Kg
    Silver Carp	1 Kg
    Grass Carp	1 Kg
    Common Carp	1 Kg


23. What is the harvest period?
• Starting from the 6th month onwards, the harvest can begin and the harvest needs to be completed by 1 year 
• Reason 1: The growth rate is very fast during the first 6 months and will reach its maximum (fast) growth by 1 year 
• Reason 2: The growth rate from the 2nd year will be very slow
24. What is the expected harvest in Kgs?
• 1500 Kgs to 1750 Kgs is the expected harvest per year for 1 Acre
25. What is the right time to release the fingerlings in the pond?
• Late evenings is a better option
• Reason 1: The temperature of the water should be (made) equivalent to the temperate in the plastic bag which contains the fingerlings
26. What are the materials that are required for fish farming?
• Drag Net 
• Fish Net for capturing few fishes for weighing purposes 
• Weighing Machine
27. What are the diseases that may occur in fish farming?
• Generally, the diseases wont occur if we maintain the stock density properly and the water quality in the right way

References : TNAU & Others



For gaining more information on Fish Farming, the following can be of great use to the readers.

1. http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0581e/T0581E00.htm#Contents
2. http://journeytoforever.org/farm_library/agrodok.html (Small-scale freshwater fish farming & On-farm fish culture)

List of Nitrogen Fixers

List of Nitrogen Fixers

In this blog, we will see the various crops that fix Nitrogen in the soil.  This will enable us to plan well and get the maximum benefit.


Identifying Excessive or Deficient Nitrogen

1. Too Little Nitrogen results in plant burning, which causes them to shrivel and die
2. Too Much Nitrogen results in Leaf edges becoming yellow or brown and wilt

List of Nitrogen Fixers

1. Albizia lebbeck (வாகை மரம்)
2. Alfalfa (குதிரை மசால்)
3. Alsike clover / true clover
4. Bambara groundnut
5. Beech Tree(புங்கம்)
6. Berseem clover
7. Birdsfoot trefoil
8. Blue-green alga
9. Bread Beans
10. Broad bean (அவரைக்காய்)
11. Chicken Pea (கொண்டைகடலை)
12. Clitoria ternatia (சங்கு புஷ்பம் மரம்)
13. Clover (தீவனப்புல்)
14. Common bean
15. Cowpea
16. Crimson clover
17. False Rudraksh
18. Fenugreek (வெந்தயம்)
19. Field peas
20. French Beans
21. Gliricidia sepium (சீமை கொன்றை)
22. Green Gram
23. Groundnut (கடலை)
24. Hairy vetch
25. Hyacinth Beans (அவரைக்காய்/ மொச்சை)
26. Leucaena leucocephala (சவுண்டல் /கூபாபுல் )
27. Indian Coral Tree (கல்யாண முருங்கை)
28. Manila Tamarind (கொடுக்காபுளி)
29. Mung bean
30. Pecan
31. Pigeon Pea or Red Gram
32. Prosopis cineraria (வன்னி மரம்)
33. Red Beans (Adzuki bean)
34. Red Bead Tree (ஆனை குண்டுமணி)
35. Red clover
36. Senna
37. Sesbania Grandiflora (அகத்தி கீரை)
38. Sesbania sp
39. Soybeans
40. Sunhemp
41. Sweet clover
42. Sweet Peas
43. Velvet bean (பூனைக்காலி)
44. White sweetclover (வெள்ளை இனிப்பு தீவனப்புல்)

Understanding Crops (Groupwise) Propagation Methods

Understanding Crops (Groupwise) Propagation Methods

In this blog, we will cover the propagation methods of crops which can be used by a farmer for Nursery purposes as well as for his own farm as well.

The important methods of propagation are provided under the direct headings or column and rarely used methods of propagation are provided in the "Remarks" headings or column.

• Seeds
• Cutting (Root cuttings, Leaf cuttings, Stem cuttings)
• Layering (Air layering, Ground layering)
• Grafting (or) Budding (Approach grafting, Tongue grafting, Saddle grafting, Veneer grafting, Wedge grafting, Whip & Tongue grafting, Softwood grafting, Stone grafting, Side grafting, Epicotyl grafting, T-budding, Shield budding)
• Division (or) Separation (Stolons & Runners, Offsets, Bulbs, Corms, Crowns, Suckers, Rhizomes, Tubers)

Cereals

Crop Name	S	C	L	G	D	Remarks
Rice	Y
Wheat	Y

Fibre Crops

Crop Name	S	C	L	G	D	Remarks
Agave						Suckers or Bulbils is used
Cotton	Y
Jute	Y

Flower Crops

Crop Name	S	C	L	G	D	Remarks
Anthurium						Suckers is used
Carnation		Y				Terminal cuttings or Plantlets/suckers is used
China Aster	Y
Chrysanthemum		Y				Terminal cuttings or Suckers is used
Crossandra	Y	Y				Terminal cuttings is used
Cut Chrysanthemum		Y				Terminal cuttings is used
Cut Rose		Y		Y		Rooted cuttings is used
Dendrobium Orchid					Y	Division of clumps, keikis, back bulbs is used
Gerbera					Y	Division of Suckers is used
Gladious						Corms is used
Golden Rod					Y	Suckers or Division of clusters is used
Jathimalli (Pitchi)		Y	Y			Terminal cuttings or Rooted cuttings is used
Lilium						Bulbs is used
Malligai		Y	Y			Rooted cuttings is used
Marigold	Y
Maruvu		Y
Mullai		Y	Y			Semi hard wood cuttings or Rooted cutting is used
Nerium		Y				Hard or semi hard wood cuttings  or Rooted cuttings is used
Rose		Y
Tuberose						Bulbs is used

Forage Crops

Crop Name	S	C	L	G	D	Remarks
Cumbu Napier		Y				Rooted slips or Stem cuttings is used
Deenanath Grass	Y
Fodder Cholam	Y
Fodder Cowpea	Y
Fodder Cumbu	Y
Fodder Maize	Y
Guinea Grass	Y	Y				Rooted slips is used
Kolukattai Pullu	Y	Y				Rooted slips is used
Kudirai Masal	Y
Muyal Masal	Y
Soundal	Y
Veli Masal	Y

Fruit Crops

Crop Name	S	C	L	G	D	Remarks
Acidlime	Y
Amla	Y			Y		Budded plants is also used
Annona	Y			Y		Budded plants is also used
Apple	Y			Y
Apricot	Y		Y	Y
Avocado	Y			Y		Budding plants is also used
Banana						Suckers is used
Ber	Y			Y		Budded plants is used
Bilimbi	Y	Y
Bread Fruit		Y	Y			Root suckers is also used
Carambola	Y		Y	Y
Durian	Y			Y
Egg Fruit
Fig		Y	Y	Y
Grapes	Y	Y				Rooted cuttings is used
Guava	Y		Y			Air Layering is used
Jack	Y			Y		Soft wood or cleft grafting is used
Jamun	Y			Y
Karonda	Y	Y	Y
Kiwi		Y		Y
Lemon	Y	Y	Y	Y		Budded plants is used
Litchi			Y	Y
Loquat			Y	Y
Mandarin Orange	Y			Y		Budded plants is used
Mango	Y			Y		Approach and epicotyl grafts  is used
Mangosteen
Mulberry	Y	Y
Papaya	Y
Passion Fruit	Y	Y		Y
Peach	Y			Y		Budded plants is used
Pear	Y	Y		Y		Rooted cutting is used
Persimmon				Y		Budded plants is also used
Phalsa	Y	Y	Y	Y		Budded plants is used
Pineapple						Suckers and Slips is used
Plum	Y			Y		Budded plants is used
Pomegranate	Y	Y	Y			Rooted cuttings or Air layering is used
Rambutan	Y
Sapota	Y			Y		Approach grafting is used
Strawberry						Runners is used
Sweet Orange	Y			Y		Budded plants is used
West Indian Cherry	Y

Medicinal Crops

Crop Name	S	C	L	G	D	Remarks
Aswagandha	Y
Gloriosa						Tubers is used
Phylanthus	Y
Senna	Y
Stevia		Y				Stem cuttings is used
Periwinkle	Y
Pyrethrum	Y
Digitalis	Y
Medicinal Dioscorea
Medicinal Solanum	Y
Aloevera		Y				Suckers or Pubs are used as well as Leaf cuttings is used
Medicinal Coleus		Y				Terminal cuttings is used
Tippili		Y				Rooted cuttings is used

Millets

Crop Name	S	C	L	G	D	Remarks
Cumbu	Y
Kudiraivali	Y
Maize	Y
Panivaragu	Y
Ragi	Y
Samai	Y
Sorghum	Y
Tenai	Y
Varagu	Y

Oil Seeds

Crop Name	S	C	L	G	D	Remarks
Castor	Y
Gingelly	Y
Groundnut	Y
Niger	Y
Safflower	Y
Sunflower	Y

Plantation Crops

Crop Name	S	C	L	G	D	Remarks
Arecanut	Y
Betelvine		Y				Stem Cuttings or Setts is used
Cashewnut			Y	Y		Soft wood grafting, Epicotyl grafting or Air layering are used
Cocoa	Y
Coconut	Y
Coffee	Y
Oilpalm	Y
Palmyrah	Y
Rubber				Y		Green budding, Brown budding and Crown budding are used
Tea		Y				Semi Hard Wood cuttings is used

Pulses

Crop Name	S	C	L	G	D	Remarks
Bengalgram	Y
Blackgram	Y
Cowpea	Y
Field lablab	Y
Garden lablab	Y
Greengram	Y
Horsegram	Y
Redgram	Y
Soybean	Y
Swordbean	Y

Spices

Crop Name	S	C	L	G	D	Remarks
Allspice	Y		Y			Air Layering is used
Cardamom	Y					Suckers is used
Cinnamon	Y	Y				Semi hard wood cuttings is used
Clove	Y
Coriander	Y
Fennel	Y
Fenugreek	Y
Garlic					Y	Bulbs is used
Ginger	Y					Rhizomes is used
Mustard	Y
Nutmeg	Y			Y
Paprika	Y
Pepper						Runner shoots is used
Tamarind	Y			G
Turmeric	Y					Rhizomes is used
Vanilla		Y				Stem cuttings is used

Sugar Crops

Crop Name	S	C	L	G	D	Remarks
Sugarbeet	Y					Pelleted Seeds Tubers or Roots is used
Sugarcane		Y				Setts is used
Sweet Sorghum	Y

Vegetables

Crop Name	S	C	L	G	D	Remarks
Amaranth	Y
Annual Moringa	Y	Y
Ash Gourd	Y
Asparagus	Y					Crowns is also used
Babycorn		Y
Basella	Y	Y				Stem cuttings is used
Beetroot	Y
Bellary Onion	Y					Setts or Bulbs is also used
Bhendi	Y
Bitter Gourd	Y
Bottle Gourd	Y
Brinjal	Y
Broadbeans	Y
Brussels Sprout	Y
Butter Bean	Y
Cabbage	Y
Capsicum	Y
Carrot	Y
Cauliflower	Y
Celery	Y
Ceylon Spinach		Y				Stem cuttings is used
Chakravathi Keerai	Y
Chekurmanis		Y
Chickpea		Y
Chillies	Y
Chinese Cabbage	Y
Chinese Potato		Y				Tubers or stem cutting is used
Chow chow	Y					Fully matured and sprouted fruits are used
Cluster Beans	Y
Coccinia		Y				Stem cuttings is used
Colocasia	Y					Cormels is used
Cucumber	Y
Curry Leaf	Y
Dioscorea						Tubers or Mini Setts is used
Elephant Foot Yam						Setts or Corms or Tubers is used
French Bean	Y
Gherkin	Y
Knol-khol	Y
Lablab	Y
Lettuce	Y
Mint	Y	Y				Stem cuttings is used
Musk Melon	Y
Palak	Y
Paprika	Y
Peas	Y
Potato	Y					Tubers is used
Pumpkin	Y
Radish	Y
Rhubarb		Y				Rott cuttings is used
Ribbed Gourd	Y
Small Onion	Y					Setts or Bulbs is also used
Snake Gourd	Y
Soybean	Y
Sweet Potato	Y	Y				Terminal Vine cuttings or Slips is used
Tapioca		Y				Stem cuttings or Setts is used
Tinda	Y
Tomato	Y
Turnip	Y
Vegetable Cowpea	Y
Watermelon	Y
Winged Bean	Y

Misc

Crop Name	S	C	L	G	D	Remarks
Tulsi	Y	Y				Terminal cuttings is used